Archive for March 9, 2008

HISTORY OF GOOGLE>>(submitted by Disha)

{ March 9, 2008 @ 7:42 am } · { HISTORY }
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Google began in January 1996, as a research project by Larry page who was soon joined by Sergey brin, two Ph.D students at Stanford University, California. They hypothesized that a search engine that analyzed the relationships between websites would produce better ranking of results than existing techniques, which ranked results according to the number of times the search term appeared on a page.

        Their search engine was originally nicknamed “BackRub” because the system checked to estimate a site’s importance. A small search engine called Rankdex was already exploring a similar strategy.  Originally, the search engine used the stanford university website with the domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on September 15 1997 and the company was incorporated as Google Inc. on September 7 1998. In March 1999, the company moved into offices in Palo Alto, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups. After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003.

        The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since come to be known as the Googleplex (a play on the word googolplex, a 1 followed by a googol zeros).  The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and clickthroughs, with bidding starting at US$.05 per click. While many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.

         The name “Google” originated from a misspelling of “googol”, which refers to 10100, the number represented by a 1 followed by one hundred zeros. Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb “google”, was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning “to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internett.” 

DNA COMPUTING

{ March 9, 2008 @ 7:07 am } · { PERSONAL COMPUTERS }
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DNA computing is a form of Computing which uses DNA, Biochemistry and molecular biology instead of the traditional silicon-based Computer technologies..

History

This field was initially developed by leonard Adleman of the university of southern california. In 1994, Adleman demonstrated a proof of concept use of DNA as a form of computation which solved the seven-point Hamiltonian path problem. In 2002, researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, unveiled a programmable molecular computing machine composed of enzymes and DNA molecules instead of silicon microchips. The computer could perform 330 trillion operations per second, more than 100,000 times the speed of the fastest PC. On april 28 2004, Ehud shapiro Yaakov Benenson, Binyamin Gil, Uri Ben-Dor, and Rivka Adar at the Weizman institute announced in the journal nature that they had constructed a DNA computer.

Examples of DNA computing

1.   MAYAII       2.   COMPUTATIONAL GENES   

MULTICORE PROCESSORS

{ March 9, 2008 @ 6:48 am } · { WORKING AND FUNCTIONALITY }
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A MULTI CORE CPU(or chip-level multiprocessor, CMP) combines two or more independent cores into a single package composed of a single integrated circuits (IC), called a die, or more dies packaged together.

A dual-core processor contains two cores and a quad-core processor contains four cores. A multi-core microprocessor implements multiprocessing in a single physical package.

A processor with all cores on a single die is called a monolithic processor. Cores in a multicore device may share a single coherent cache at the highest on-device cache level (e.g. L2 for the intel Core 2) or may have separate caches (e.g. current AMD dual-core processors).

 The processors also share the same interconnect to the rest of the system. Each “core” independently implements optimizations such as Superscalar execution, pipelining and multithreading.

Advantages

The proximity of multiple CPU cores on the same die allows the cache coherency circuitry to operate at a much higher clock rate than is possible if the signals have to travel off-chip.These higher quality signals allow more data to be sent in a given time period since individual signals can be shorter and do not need to be repeated as often.Assuming that the die can fit into the package, physically, the multi-core CPU designs require much less PCBs space than multi-chip SMP designs.

 Also, a dual-core processor uses slightly less power than two coupled single-core processors, principally because of the increased power required to drive signals external to the chip and because the smaller silicon process geometry allows the cores to operate at lower voltages; such reduction reduces latency.

“Who creat first pentium chip”-Vinod Dham

{ March 9, 2008 @ 5:09 am } · { LEGENDS OF COMPUTERS }
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dham.jpg
VINOD DHAM – CEO Silicon Spice
B.E. (Electrical), Delhi College of Engineering, 1971

From the hills near Rawalpindi to the Valley, the Dhams have gone through a fascinating journey. Coming to India during Partition as refugees, Dham’s father joined the army as a civilian. Dham was born in Pune (across the railway station in Cowasji Hospital, says Dham) as his father was posted there. His early education was in Pune and Dham considers himself a Puneite, speaking fluent Marathi.

Dham wanted to know what went on inside the devices. And so, after convincing his parents, he went to Cincinnati in 1975 to do an MS EE in Solid State Sciences. Cincinnati, at that time, was a very good school in microelectronics with even a fab on campus and was widely supported by the semiconductor industry.

However, Dham wanted more action and started looking around. At that time, the 386 chip had been designed and had gone for production. Dham wanted to get into microprocessors, he applied for a job in that division but he was rejected since the project was on course. That would not deter a determined Dham. He went nosing around and found that there were problems in production. The fab thought may be it was at fault and was cleaning up its shop, the designers were at tethers end after several redesigns and Dham thought he could lick the problem. He went to the programme manager and told him that he would act as his consultant and need not be given a formal position. When Dham straightened out the problem, Intel’s fortunes shot up and the boss was happy. So he made him in charge of 386 and went on to 486 himself.

Pentium was a challenge in many ways; 486 was more integration than innovation. Paranoia was absolutely at the top.

He joined Nexgen, which was a startup that was acquired by AMD later. After helping AMD seriously challenge Intel with its vastly popular K6, Dham left AMD and joined Silicon Spice, a startup, as chairman, president and CEO though others had founded it.

Photographs and certificates from Andy Grove and Craig Barret about 386, 486 and Pentium adorn Dham’s office walls as well as one from Bill Clinton for being the presidential advisor on minorities. Noticeably his latest chip, Calisto – its very first copy that passed all tests – lies at the feet of a small Ganapati statue on his table.